home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- <text id=91TT1762>
- <title>
- Aug. 12, 1991: Yugoslavia:The Case for Confederation
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
- Aug. 12, 1991 Busybodies & Crybabies
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- WORLD, Page 39
- YUGOSLAVIA
- The Case for Confederation
- </hdr><body>
- <p>With options ranging from secession to redrawing the map, only
- one holds out the promise of an enduring peace
- </p>
- <p>By Jill Smolowe--Reported by James L. Graff/Belgrade and William
- Mader/London
- </p>
- <p> The grandstanding and rhetoric of June gave way to the tanks
- and guns of July. As Yugoslavia heads into August, the fighting
- is spurring ever more urgent attempts to devise at least piecemeal
- solutions. The European Community last week dispatched three
- foreign ministers to Zagreb and Belgrade to secure a cease-fire in
- the increasingly volatile republic of Croatia. The trio arrived
- bearing words of peace, but withoutany assurance that they could
- engineer a truce, let alone an enduring solution. In Belgrade,
- sessions convened by Yugoslavia's crippled eight-member federal
- presidency produced door slamming and name calling--but no
- cease-fire.
- </p>
- <p> While Belgrade fiddled, Croatia burned. Yugoslav army
- tanks fired from Serbia across the Danube at the Croatian town
- of Dalj and two nearby villages 50 miles northwest of Belgrade,
- killing at least 80 people. The campaign brought nearly
- one-third of Croatia's territory under Serbian control. The
- shaken Croatian leadership responded with a series of
- unconvincing proposals. To buttress the republic's 70,000
- security forces, President Franjo Tudjman called up 30,000
- reserves, then admitted that he lacked the weapons to arm them.
- He also revamped his Cabinet, firing his hard-line Defense and
- Interior ministers and seating an ethnic Serb. In a move that
- might have meant something a month ago but last week looked like
- what it was--sheer panic--government officials even floated
- the idea of offering cultural autonomy to Croatia's
- Serb-dominated regions.
- </p>
- <p> With the country in such deep disarray, the contours of
- one ghastly solution are already emerging on the battlefield:
- a redrawing of internal borders along ethnic lines, accompanied
- by population exchanges. In a sense, it is already happening.
- Some 40,000 ethnic Serbs have fled across Croatia's borders,
- mostly into the Serbian province of Vojvodina and the republic
- of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The Croatian retreat from embattled
- zones where Serbian militias have triumphed over Croatian
- defense forces has dislodged tens of thousands of villagers. But
- a formal remapping of Yugoslavia, with its six republics and two
- autonomous provinces, could deepen the crisis. Historically,
- population exchanges have produced bloodshed and pillaging.
- Moreover, if Serbia wrests territorial concessions from Croatia,
- what is to stand in the way of a Croatian-Serbian scheme to
- carve up Bosnia, where ethnic Serbs, Croatians and Muslims
- mingle? Or a newly hatched Serbian attempt to incite Bosnia's
- majority Muslims against the republic's Croatians?
- </p>
- <p> How then to stop the lunacy before Yugoslavia erupts in
- wholesale civil war? The Yugoslavs have signaled that an
- enduring peace must be brokered internally, not imposed by
- external forces. The E.C. would like to oblige, but fears are
- growing that a European military intervention might be
- necessary. "The moment may not be too far away when we have to
- take a step forward," Jacques Poos, the Foreign Minister of
- Luxembourg, warned last week. The E.C.'s proposal for a
- three-month moratorium on independence offers the same
- face-saving opportunity that quieted hostilities in the
- breakaway republic of Slovenia. The republics' leaders could use
- the cooling-off period to consider how the region might be
- stitched together again.
- </p>
- <p> For starters, Yugoslavs would have to give up hope of
- putting the federation back together. The linchpin of the
- federation cobbled together after World War II by Tito--a
- strong central government--is a shambles; members of the
- collective presidency can barely remain in the same room at the
- same time. Moreover, the precondition for a viable federation--the voluntary surrender of individual sovereignty by the
- member units--is no longer (arguably, never was) possible to
- achieve.
- </p>
- <p> Confederation, by contrast, suggests an alliance. This
- word might not seem anathema to the hostile republics if their
- leaders would stop portraying such an arrangement as a shotgun
- wedding and instead looked at it as a marriage of convenience
- whose purpose is to promote not love but mutual interests. Of
- those, economic considerations rank highest. The economies of
- Yugoslavia's republics and provinces are inextricably linked.
- If Yugoslavia hopes to improve the living conditions of its
- people, and thus quiet the ethnic resentments that are fueled
- by unequal economic opportunities, the republics must act in
- concert. The dream nurtured by some republics that the E.C. will
- come to the rescue by granting them membership is folly. Other
- countries are ahead in line, and the E.C. will not admit any
- country that lacks a stable, democratic government.
- </p>
- <p> Under a loose confederation, a central, democratically
- elected parliament and presidency would preside over truly
- mutual interests: foreign affairs, a pared military and a
- national budget, shrunk to serve national interests rather than
- to prop up inefficient Serbian firms. To ensure that no republic
- would trample on the rights of resident minorities, a federal
- judiciary would define and enforce human rights. In the
- interests of self-preservation, each republic would respect
- current borders.
- </p>
- <p> In exchange for economic collaboration, each republic
- would have political autonomy, run its own defense forces,
- control its own borders and ignore the other republics as it
- pleases. Cultural, religious and social issues would also be
- decided locally. Ethnic hatreds--and certainly this would be
- the most difficult challenge of all--would be held in check
- by the perverse threat of renewed violence. If all the republics
- signed on to such an arrangement and exercised some restraint,
- each could enjoy the fruits of autonomy--while laying to rest
- the terrors of war.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
-
-